The Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay -- Martin Luther King

On April 16, 1963, from a prison in Birmingham, Alabama, Martin Luther King Jr. created a broad letter to eight priests who censured the planning of the social equality development. Despite the fact that the letter was routed to these eight pastors, the Letter from Birmingham Jail addresses a national crowd, particularly King’s â€Å"Christian and Jewish brothers†(King, 29). His tranquil yet firm letter fills in as an astoundingly convincing voice to a hugely clamorous chaos, and is viewed as a significant defining moment in the social equality development. Lord accepts that without direct activity, the full rights for African Americans would never be accomplished. He safeguards the anxiety of individuals in the social liberties development, maintaining that without intense shows, uniformity will never be reached. Ruler maintains that human rights must overshadow crooked laws. His articulate language and utilization of old style argumentation put forth his defense flexi ble and persuading. King’s master utilization of tenderness conjures outrage, compassion and sympathy; his perfect utilization of logos made his contention discerning to all; and his utilization of ethos, particularly his utilization of scriptural references, makes his conclusions progressively legitimate. Through his clear portrayals, enthusiastic tone, and expressive models, King’s contentions bring out a passionate reaction in his perusers. King’s utilization of emotion enables him to motivate individual social liberties activists, bring out sympathy in white moderates, and make empathy in the brains of the eight ministers and the remainder of his national crowd. Ruler tries to decrease the animosity of white residents while rejuvenating the enthusiasm for peaceful dissent in the psyches of African Americans. Lord alerts, â€Å"injustice anyplace is a danger to equity everywhere† (K... ...ivil rights development. Generally, I trust King’s letter his very compelling because of his flawless utilization of contention inside it, fusing logos, sentiment and ethos. As I would see it, King’s utilization of sentiment is one of the components behind the achievement of his letter. Despite the fact that his letter was routed to the eight ministers, I accept that King proposed for the whole country to understand it and respond to it. The assortment of abstract gadgets in his letter makes King sound insightful and persuading. Then again, I accept that King joins an excessive amount of similar sounding word usage inside his letter; commonly, King makes a recorded or scriptural reference without diving into its importance or significance, leaving the peruser scrutinizing his aims. As I would like to think, if King would have portrayed these similar sounding word usages more or, rather, left them out completely, his contention would be more profound.

Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Essay

Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Board: Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan Board: Hedging Foreign Currency Exposure Issue Identification The Ontario Teacher’s Pension Plan (OTPP) is a characterized commitment plan that was made in 1917 to give and regulate an annuity plan for Ontario teachers. Supported by the Ontario Government and the Ontario Teacher’s Federation, the arrangement at present backings 343,000 instructors, previous educators and beneficiaries. The ongoing government choice to dispense with the 30% imperative on remote speculations and the expanded instability in the cash showcase has incited the OTPP Investment Committee to address the accompanying: 1. Regardless of whether to proceed with the International Equity Swap Program 2. Regardless of whether to manage changes to the Foreign Exchange Hedging Policy Goals and Objectives In request to go to a choice, it is essential that any arrangement set forth should line up with the objectives and destinations of the store. OTPP is a drawn out reserve resolved to limit hazard, costs and the extra commitments required to finance the arrangement while augmenting its profits. OTPP Investment Strategy In the mid 1990’s the OTPP board understood that it was fundamental to start contributing abroad to enhance hazard and to exploit worldwide chances to accomplish more prominent returns, given the size of the store. In any case, it was not until 1996 that the Foreign Exchange Hedge Program (FX Hedge Program) was executed in light of a noteworthy ascent in cash presentation. As the store confronted expanded remote money hazard, chance administration got basic and in this way, a supporting strategy of half of its outside cash presentation was presented. Because of the way that OTPP has a constant duty in supporting its retired people, it must open itself to restricted hazard and successfully fence against any surprising changes in its speculations. Subsequently, a moderate arrangement of supporting half of remote trade introduction was upheld. Furthermore, the International Equity Swap Program (IE Swap Program) was executed as an answer for the administration limitation of 30% responsibility for speculations. Since most resources were tied up in non-attractive Ontario Debentures, a trade program empowered OTPP to reallocate its advantages. OTPP Performance Evaluation The key choice to expand past Canada and into worldwide markets has end up being helpful to the OTPP venture portfolio. It has contributed considerable incentive to the reserve over the multi year time span (1995-2005) by decreasing potential misfortunes, since five of the six outside monetary standards acknowledged against the Canadian dollar. For as far back as 15 years, OTPP ventures have likewise reliably beated the benchmark pace of profits, creating a 10-year normal pace of return of 11. 4% and a gross return of $15. billion over benchmark returns. In spite of the portfolio’s negative pace of profits in 2001-2002, it has still delivered significant speculation development corresponding to the benchmark, showing the quality of OTPP’s venture strategies in hazard the board. Be that as it may, since financing costs have declined by around 3% (1990-2004), the estimation of the benefits support has expanded. This has brought about bigger mea sure of installments made to beneficiaries. Furthermore, the socioeconomics of the OTPP plan participation have changed altogether in the course of recent years. The proportion of dynamic individuals per retiree has diminished from 10:1 during the 1970s to the current proportion of 1. 6:1. Additionally, the normal years retirees depend on the annuity have likewise expanded to 29 years. Every one of these components have applied a lot of weight on the annuity intend to continue its subsidizing with commitments from less working instructors. With the outside cash advertise being progressively unpredictable, OTPP is concerned in regards to its future capacity to help benefits installments. Choice Criteria The Investment Committee must consider the accompanying rules when concluding whether to execute changes to the International Equity Swap Program and Foreign Exchange Hedging Policy: the fund’s introduction to remote trade hazard, exchange costs, and an arrangement of objectives and targets of the reserve. Elective: Although OTPP has performed well previously, the future viewpoint of the annuity plan stays dubious. Hence, OTPP has four options in contrast to the future course of the store. OTPP can proceed or suspend the IE Swap Program and keep up or change the current half FX Hedge Policy. Proceed/Discontinue the Swap Program Previously, the trade program was utilized as a way to sidestep the administration limitation on remote venture. With the guideline being lifted, OTPP needs to now assess whether the trade program stays important. The program has permitted OTPP to reallocate their advantages cost-adequately as it disposes of OTPP’s cost of executing straightforwardly in outside trade showcase. In addition, since OTPP doesn't pick up responsibility for protections, it has decreased the measure of money required and constrained its hazard by moving the hazard to counter-parties (UBS, Credit Suisse, JP Morgan, and so on ).

Net Realization of a Capital Asset

Question: Compose an exposition on the expense of obtaining and net acknowledgment of a capital resource. Answer: The capital addition can be estimated by the contrast between the expense of securing and net acknowledgment of a capital resource. According to Australian Taxation Office there are three choices for inferring available estimation of capital increases. The Discount technique is utilized for the capital resources that is accepted to be held for over a year. The Residual strategy can be utilized for momentary capital resources which are the benefits that are held for not exactly a year at the very latest the date of removal of advantage. The Indexation strategy is material to the benefits as procured before 21st September and accepted to be held for over a year prior to the important capital increase charge occasion. Along these lines, capital addition available worth is determined according to all the techniques (Ato.gov.au, 2016). Properties that are gained before twentieth September 1985 are absolved: Engine vehicles Repayment of costs for determined wounds Offer of private house property Any collectable bought at a cost under $500. Long haul Capital Loss: Any misfortune from the removal of the drawn out capital resource ought to set up against the pay from the drawn out capital resource and not against the momentary capital additions. In addition, the capital misfortune can be conveyed forward on the long haul to a boundless number of ensuing years. Momentary Capital Loss: Losses on the transient capital resource can be set off against both long haul and momentary capital increase under a similar square of advantages. It very well may be conveyed forward to the boundless number of evaluation years. (an) In the given task, Mr. David Solomon sold the two-story expanding on 27th June of the present expense year for $850,000 which was gained by him 30 years back for $ 70,000. The property was initially sold at a sale for which the purchaser paid a store of $85,000 as a development yet in this manner the equivalent has been relinquished in light of the fact that the purchaser needed more assets to continue with the exchange. In this manner, under the head Income from different sources, the relinquished sum $85,000 will be available. Estimation of capital increase NRV $8, 65,000 Forced under the meaning of CST I.E Family home exclusion Long haul CAPITAL GAIN NIL (b) The professional hart painting as obtained on twentieth September, 1985 for $ 15,000 was sold at a measure of $ 125,000. In like manner, available estimation of capital addition registered as under: NRV $ 1, 25,000 Less: cost of obtaining subject to indexation 15,000*123.4/71.3 $ 25,961 Long haul CAPITAL GAIN $150,961 (c) In the year 2004, the extravagance engine cruiser was purchased for $ 110, 000 which was arranged off to the nearby dealer on the first June of the present assessment year for $ 60, 0000. Henceforth, the available estimation of the capital addition would be as per the following: Deals continues $ 60,000 Less: Indexed cost of securing $ 110,000 Long haul CAPITAL LOSS $ 50,000 (d) On fifth June, Mr. Solomon had sold his protections in a recently recorded digging endeavor for $80,000 of the present expense year which were purchased by him on tenth January for $75,000 around the same time. The extra costs were contributed at an acquired measure of $70,000 alongside intrigue $5,000 consequently. Extra costs the offer of protections on buy were and business at $750 and stamp obligation $250. As indicated by Income Tax Assessment Act, enthusiasm on credit isn't a piece of bought cost and along these lines it will not be incorporated (Jin, 2016).Calculation of capital increase according to Income Tax Assessment Act: Deal esteem $ 80,000 Less: cost of securing $75,000 Less: Brokerage $ 750 Less: stamp obligation $250 Momentary CAPITAL LOSS $ 4,000 Capital addition for the present duty year Long haul capital addition on special of private house $ NIL Long haul capital misfortune on removal of Boat $ 50,000 Long haul capital addition on special of painting $ 150,961 Transient capital Gain discounted of protections $ 4,000 Long haul CAPITAL GAIN $ 104,961 Further, there has been proof of net capital loss of $10,000 from the deals of the offers from the assessment form of Mr. Dave for the earlier year as of 30th June. Along these lines, as indicated by the arrangement it very well may be balanced with current year long haul capital addition. In this way, Net Long term capital increase for the current year is $ 104,961-$10,000 = $ 94,961 Net capital addition can be estimated as the distinction between misfortunes brought about and benefits earned from the removal of capital resources alongside the modifications for deficit on capital resource conveyed forward from the earlier year. According to the guidelines and standards of ITAA capital addition is anything but a different expense head and it frames a piece of evaluated available pay of a citizen. Subsequently, the assessee is required to pay charge on the available estimation of capital increase in the applicable duty appraisal year in which the occasion occurred. From the above figurings it has been seen that Mr. Pigeon has earned benefits discounted of advantage and is qualified to add to his superannuation support. For this reason Mr. Bird is required to keep up pertinent records and reports of the exchanges including buy receipts, archives for enthusiasm on advances, costs caused for prosecution expenses, legitimate charges, business on shares, applicable reco rds for fixes and support of benefits and so forth (delisted.com, 2016). Net capital shortfall is inferred as a summation of misfortunes brought about from all the capital resources including misfortunes conveyed forward from earlier year. Capital misfortunes are not qualified to be set off from pay of some other heads rather permitted to be conveyed forward to next appraisal years for boundless period and along these lines set off from the capital increases showed up in that year. An assessee is qualified to pick the wellspring of capital increase for set off the procured misfortunes yet can't convey forward the misfortune without benefiting the set off models if the equivalent is accessible. In the event that Mr. Solomon brought about misfortune on capital increase then he would require to sell a greater amount of his benefits or obtaining advance to contribute in his superannuation subsidize and from there on get a leased city loft. In this way, on achieving the time of retirement he could pull back the tax exempt sum from his superannuation reserves ( Learn.nab.com, 2016). Periwinkle Pty Limited, a bath producer is an immediate merchant to open which gave vehicle costing $33,000 regarding advantage to one of its representatives, Emma on first May 2015 as she lots of heading out identified with work. Anyway the use of the vehicle isn't constrained to the utilization of work reason however for individual use also. The vehicle was utilized to travel 10,000 kilometers for the period first May 2015 to 31st March 2016. Use on fixes has been repaid by the organization at $550. The vehicle stayed unused for 10 days and left at the air terminal just as for 5 days when it was booked for fixes. Further, the organization gave an advance of $500,000 to Emma on 1 September 2015 at a loan fee of 4.45% which she used to purchase an occasion During the present tax assessment year, Emma purchased a bath from her boss organization for $1,300 whose cost of creation to the organization was $700 and deals cost for overall population added up to $2,600. Incidental advantage TAX: Fringe advantage assessment can be alluded to as the duty payable on the available estimation of specific advantages gave by the business to his representatives. Incidental advantage duty can be material which are paid by the organization to their representatives on non-money advantages or benefits. The following are the sure absolved advantages from incidental advantage charge: Absolved Loans Costs identified with work reason as it were. Advantages of vehicle gave by the organization to representatives on the off chance that it is utilized for just work reason The available estimation of advantages is not exactly $ 300 Movement cost identified with the representatives Lodging recompense for the house situated at remote spot. Periphery BENETFIT TAX ARE LIABLE ON Loan, Car, Payment of Expense, Airline, transport, Housing, Property, Car leaving, and Residual. In addition, the Fringe Benefit vehicle is characterized as a vehicle or station wagon, which is utilized to convey under nine travelers or used to convey weight short of what one tons. Be that as it may, if the vehicle is utilized for individual reason and is utilized to give to the worker doesnt fall into the meaning of vehicle as gave in the Act under incidental advantage charge, at that point the benefit would be falling inside the importance of incidental advantage charge and as needs be assessment to be payable by business on such advantage. Further, in the event that in the event that the vehicle is accommodated under 3 months, at that point such advantage would not fall under the meaning of incidental advantage and appropriately no expense will be assessed. In the current case, vehicle gave to Emma falls under the significance of incidental adv antage and as needs be, the business is at risk to pay charge on the vehicle stipend gave. Additionally, the vehicle ought to be considered for utilizing against individual reason if the equivalent isn't at the premises of the business. The vehicle ought to likewise be considered at the premises of the worker and implied for individual use also. It ought to be noticed that the meaning of the vehicle to be utilized for the universally useful can be rejected if the vehicle is at the workshop for the fixing procedure. Cost Basis technique By Applying Statutory equation According to address Base estimation of the vehicle $33,000 Number of days vehicle gave as incidental advantage charge = 335-5 = 333 days Note: Car sent to workshop for fixes and stays unused for 5 days will not be remembered for the computation of number of days vehicle utilized by Emma for individual reason while number of days vehicle left at the air terminal will be incorporated. The cost premise couldn't be remembered for the Total Days if the keys of the vehicle can be given to the business. The rate would be 20% if the vehicle runs for under 15000 kms during incidental advantage period. Available Value $33000*20%*330/365 $5,967 Periphery BENEIFT TAX $5,417 Treatment of Loan gave by manager to Emma at a low pace of intrigue Incidental advantage charge identified with the advance can be assessed when a worker is given a lower rodent

Is it Worth Funding Federal Budget for Space Exploration - Free Essay Example

NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is the U.S. government sector which is responsible for leading the nations explorations of space. It commences during the Cold War, the era that was driven by Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States. Yuri Gagarin (Vostok 1), the first man to travel outer space and Neil Armstrong (Apollo 11) as the first person to step foot on the moon. These intense competitions between these countries later impacts all over the world and encourage other countries to emerge and step in for discoveries. It displays the significance of the history of the space exploration. However, the question is Is it worth spending money on space exploration? The budget for NASA and other space programs does cost billions and it constitutes about 35 percent of the overall national expenditure. Therefore, it erupts disagreements in public opinion and results as a past and an ongoing controversial issue. From my perspective, it definitely does worth funding money for space exploration because for advancing scientific research and technology for the future; act as a defense mechanism for countries, in other words, for National defense and for playing the role in unity and cooperation between nations around the worl d and the economy. Most of the present technologies exist and advance due to this one reason Space Exploration. Scientists are able to conduct sophisticated researchs and produce subsequent results because of the theories and applications they decipher from past space explorations and it will also be invariable in the case of future missions. The contemporary space exploration tries to reach places that human species once fantasized about, for instance, one of the upcoming space explorations takes place in 2020, where the MARS 2020 Rover collects the data regarding the oxygen content in the red planet so it could help the astronauts when the time comes for them to be sent to Mars in 2030-one of the long-term goals of NASA. The benefit that us earthlings will hope to gain from this is the Martian resources. There are many inventions that were initially dedicated to space applications but in time proved to have huge market potential in everyday life and common industryLight-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and mem ory foam, to mention just the two(Wachowicz, Marta and Bury 14). The memory foam mentioned in the above quote is actually used in spacecraft seats to reduce the impact while landing, which later become a material for mattresses. Smoke detectors, another one of the cutting-edge inventions that gain popularity in the 1970s and comes to reality on account of the Apollo 11 mission. Thanks to NASA, measuring temperature on babies become more facile, the Ear Thermometer, they developed a fast and accurate thermometer that, when its disposable probe cover (to prevent cross-infection) is inserted into the ear canal, detects infrared radiation from the eardrum and gives a digital readout in less than two seconds(Smith 14). For this specimen (ear thermometer), the engineers of NASA use the application of Infrared sensors, which is to measure the temperature of celestial objects. The space industries and exploration contribute a bulk of medicinal, household and other devices so that we human beings can survive and meet our daily demands, additionally, it gives our children to know more about the world they are living in and gives forth an aspiration. National defense, another essential aspect of Space exploration, where it protects nations from the threats of terrorism and plays a major function in military. Also, it strengthens security, stability, and well-being of its citizen and also keeps a concord in space, for the United States, maintaining a leadership role in space is an essential component of national security, providing the US and our allies unprecedented advantages in national decision-making, military operations, and homeland security (qtd. in Oleson, Skelly and Silsby 1). As it is stated by the National Security Space Strategy, which includes the matter of United States foreign relations and its broad public interest nationwide. NASA and its journey to space is indeed a key player in terms of national security, and its not just because the fact that it develops innovative technology and its capabilities, however, it is explicitly excluded from military activity by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958(1). I t means that it participates internationally on peaceful utility of space in ways military cannot. This so-called sense of security is not just in earth, but also in space, since, a lot of other countries have their own space industries and its own accomplishments. If a nation or a terrorist organization within that particular nation takes control of space, it means taking control of the planet and get hands on advanced weapons or technologies, moreover, the chances are high that they could misuse this power in order to meet their gains. The U.S has remained the dominant in the space from past to present, nevertheless, it begins to fluctuate due to inadequate funds, Civil space is focused on science and exploration. It is something we do in partnership with other nations, friends and foes alike, for the benefit of all. National security space is focused on protecting our security interests and those of our allies and partners(qtd. in Erwin 14). Simply, it conveys the importance of NASA and space exploration in regards of national security and suggests that if the control falls towards the wrong hands, its worse than we envision. Thus, it is important for the nation to explore and comprehend space, so it can provide security and safety for its citizens. After years of exploration, it emerges with another quality attributes, where all nations cooperate with each other (a sense of unity) in furthering the knowledge and economy. It shifts the focus from being the first of everything to renewable energy hardware, the space shuttle program: International Space Station (ISS), where several nations collaborate to build, research and use the space station, it plays a prime role in uniting the nation and provides results for various issues faced by different regions of the world, joint international projects and data sharing in areas such as Earth observations, including weather, climate change, land use, and other environmental phenomena, benefit all participants(Oleson, Skelly and Silsby 10), it studies how to overcome these problems and do this by solving it together. They can enhance many activities in both developed and developing nations, from education to economic planning to emergency response(10). Space exploration does also have an immense impact on the economic sectors of the country. One of the hot topics is that benefitting the mining industry, it is possible by Resource extraction from Asteroids( Wachowicz, Marta and Bury 20). Near-earth asteroids are a type of asteroids which are situated closely to earth than the moon which makes it easily accessible, this idea of extraction can contribute to multiple benefits to humanity and grow to be valued at tens of billions of dollars annually(20). This proclamation is from the European Space Agency (ESA) and their goal for financial enterprise advantage, so that later it could interface these minerals and create precious stones and rare metals that doesnt exists in earth, which could result in an economic boom and make that nation or a region prosperous. Hence, the significance of funding federal budget for Space Exploration and its industries does worth time due to results it provides such as innovation and scientific research; for national security and unity between and among nations. It is important to know the advantage of having a space industry in a nation, it means future of that particular country, i.e. there will be an escalation in utility of technology as each year goes by and it provides proof through valid researchs and conducted studies. Every individual should contemplate that all these major technologies that we utilize in our day-to-day routine makes our day less complicated and straightforward. Imagine a world without internet, cell phones, social networking such as Facebook, Instagram etc. All of these are made possible by Space industries and their mission to space. Without them there wouldnt be any artificial satellites; cells phones, internet cables, televisions and other forms of entertainments and most importantly medical devices and machines in hospitals. Furthermore, if an individual is against the idea of funding for space exploration it means that his/her country and its citizens become more vulnerable to external threats due to the deficient technology and weapons , and the chances of erupting a large-scale war is higher-could be caused because of inadequate resources or scarcity. Although the travel to space is expensive, it is vital to have and encourage space industries and space exploration respectively. It definitely benefits and give hope for humanity. Works Cited Oleson, G., Skelly, D. and Silsby, B. (2018). The Space Review: NASA is essential for national security. [online] Thespacereview.com. Available at: https://www.thespacereview.com/article/2210/1 [Accessed 18 Nov. 2018]. Wachowicz, Marta E., and Marek Bury. Space Technology Transfer Problems in the -Context of Protecting the Space Heritage. Space Policy, vol. 42, Nov. 2017, pp. 66â€Å"69. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2017.08.001. Smith, J. (2018). Space Age inventions you probably use CNN.com. [online] Cnn.com. Available: https://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/worklife/10/04/nasa.everyday/index.html [Accessed 20 Nov. 2018]. Erwin, S. (2018). Space Force Discussions Increasingly Blur the Line Between Military and Civilian Space. [online] Space.com. Available at: https://www.space.com/42328-space-force-blurs-military-civilian-space.html [Accessed 20 Nov. 2018].

Using One Cell Necessary For Life And Discusses Its...

A cell is the smallest unit of life for any living organism and considered the essential component of life. Every living thing including humans, animals, and plants comprise of one or more cells in their body that perform different functions essential for living. There are different cells in the human body, in plants and animal functioning. This essay aims at using one cell necessary for life and discusses its properties of life, the core chemical terminology, its molecules, and compounds. Specifically, the assignment will describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the cell, how the cell respiration, photosynthesis, and reproduction occur in a concise manner. The paper will also discuss Mendel’s Laws as well as the DNA structure and†¦show more content†¦The epithelial cell consists of the keratinocyte cell that makes its monolayer. After getting nutrients, the growth factors of the epithelial cell enables it to grow and separate from the keratinocyte. The keratinocy tes get support from fibroblasts as shown by keratinocyte lines. The keratinoctes depend on finite life enabled by soluble products highly structured by the fibroblasts. The properties of life of the epithelial cell demonstrate that it is not an independent type of cell and requires fibroblast support for its sustainability (McLaughlin Seaquist, 2008). Cell anatomy and physiology Anatomy can be described as the branch of biology that studies the structures and parts of organisms. Physiology is the branch of biology that examines the normal functioning and parts of living things. Regarding the anatomy of the epithelial cell, it is lined in all the surfaces of the body including the body cavities, intestine, skin, and lungs among other parts. The physiology of the epithelial cell is that it forms the functional elements of the inner surface and line of blood, secretory glands, and the lymphatic vessels. It performs different functions including excretion, absorption, protection, secretion and gas exchange among others. The skin performs the protection function. The absorption function is through the intestines, secretion through the glands, gas exchange through the blood and lung vessels and excretion through the kidney. So as

Persuasive Essay On Gun Control - 1637 Words

The United States Constitution’s Bill of Rights states that the Second Amendment which is the right to bear arms which is allowing us to have weapons in our hands; many individuals are becomingly increasingly unsure of where the line is drawn on being able to have a gun and what prevents people from using them for harm. Some people have argued that even though the Second Amendment does protect our individual rights to have the option to own arms, that it should give the government authority to ban high-crime communities from using handguns. Gun violence embraces every town in the United States. Gun violence in the past few decades continually keeps becoming a bigger and bigger issue concerning the United States. Everyday, 93 Americans are†¦show more content†¦Risk of gun violence is a chronic issue that needs to be handled and the United States has been trying to come up with a solution to help create a solution to gun violence we are potentially being faced with. While the government is not the only group that is trying to stop this situation it has done a lot in helping trying to fix it. The U.S. Government has been involved with gun rights and the second amendment since the constitution was created. The United States has its own task force for firearms known as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives(ATF). By creating the ATF the government has been able to help out in many ways within the realm of our Second Amendment rights like making sure we have the right to bear arms, but also to protect people from individuals who may wish to due harm with firearms. The ATF is a department in the United States Department of Justice that is helping to protect people from violent criminals and criminal organizations, the use and trafficking of illegal firearms and storage of explosives, acts of arson, bombings, terrorism, and etc. The ATF also helps within communities and other organizations to help inform, train, and research the public. When the ATF wants to creates, modify, or delete a precedent set by the Code of Federal Regulation must consult the public. Along with creating the ATF the U.S. Government has also passed many Acts that also help in protecting against gunShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Gun Control798 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive Essay Did you know that in the United States almost 100,000 people are shot or killed with a gun in one year? 10,527 people die a year in handgun related incidents in the United States. 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There has been strong supporters on both sides with very well known support groups, almost all of the people that vote towards stricter gun laws and banning guns have never been in a situation to need one and don’t understand that different guns serve different purposes. There are three differentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1217 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem, and this is where the controversy of gun control comes into play. Many people are against strict gun control laws or a ban on guns because they claim to need guns for â€Å"protection.† Yet, is it really necessary to have a firearm to protect yourself? Not all gun owners use guns to cause harm, but there is an overwhelming number of those who do. This topic becomes very tricky because owning a gun i s interpreted to be a right, but at the same time guns are extremely unnecessary and can rarely, if

Rasafarianism Essay Example For Students

Rasafarianism Essay The Rastafarian religion has roots tracing to Africa, but it became well known in the ghettos of Jamaica. In these ghettos, a boy was born who would have an everlasting effect on the religion. This boy grew up to become a famous musician who then opened the world to the Rastafarian views and spread the Rastafarian message to thousands of people. Jamaica recognized his effect on the culture shortly before his death, which was mourned by millions. The man responsible for the worldwide recognition of the Rastafarian religion was Bob Marley. The Rastafarian religion has a vast history full of many beliefs, practices, and influential people. The crowning of Prince Ras Tafari Makonnen as the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930 gave birth to the Rastafarian religion. Years earlier in 1927, Marcus Garvey told blacks to â€Å"look to Africa for the crowning of a king to know that your redemption is near†. Many blacks considered his crowning to be the fulfillment of Marcus Garvey’s prophecy. Garvey’s plan was to bring all Africans back to Africa (â€Å"Rastafarianism†). This started a Rastafarian movement and the religion had officially begun (Littman â€Å"Rastafarianism†). The Rastafarian religion grew out of the Ghetto’s of Kingston, Jamaica (Jackson â€Å"Rastafarianism†). An early leader of the movement was Leonard Howell. â€Å"Leonard Howell, was arrested in 1933 by the Jamaican government for preaching a revolutionary doctrine† (Garcia â€Å"Rastafarianism: An Overview†). Howell’s arrest helped organize the Rastafarian movement, and may have influenced the group to remain leaderless for a period of time, which in turn helped to strengthen them (Garcia â€Å"Rastafarianism: An Overview†). As the Jamaican economy grew weaker, many Rasta’s turned to practical action. In the 1940’s and 1950’s, Rastafarian leaders strengthened their conflict with political leaders by defying the government and organizing illegal street marches. By the mid 1950’s the Rastafarians were perceived as nothing more then bearded drug addicts. In the 1960’s, Garvey’s â€Å"back to Africa† plan seemed realistic, as a group of Rastafarian leaders were sent to Africa (Jackson â€Å"Rastafarianism). â€Å"Though no large-scale immigration to Africa by Jamaicans was achieved, the sending of some Rastafarian leaders to Africa resulted in the movements enhanced knowledge of African realities, and probably diffused the movement’s enthusiasm for immediate repatriation† (Garcia â€Å"Rastafarianism: An Overview†). The single most important even in Rastafarian history was the visit of Haile Selassie I to Jamaica. He arrived in Jamaica on April 21, 1966. His visit resulted in two major developments. First, Haile Selassie I convinced the Rastafarian brothers that they should not immigrate to Africa until the Jamaican people were liberated. This also marked April 21 as the â€Å"special holy day† among Rastafarians (Garcia â€Å"Rastafarianism: An Overview†). In the 1960’s the Black Power Movement was started, and this began to develop the Rastafarian religion. The 1970’s gave birth to a new view of Rastafarians. They became a positive forced and were praised for contributing to the culture of Jamaica. â€Å"On August 27, 1975, Haile Selassie I died, and a tremendous crisis in faith ensued† (Littman â€Å"Rastafarianism†). This was a contradiction to the religion, because Haile Selassie I was believed to be the living God of the Rastafar ians. People tried to deny the acquisition of his death by saying it was a cover up by the media aimed at bringing down the religion (Ifill â€Å"Rastafarian Religion†). The late 1970’s brought many Rastafarians to America as a result of the general migration of Jamaicans. In America they were perceived as violent, and were blamed by the media for many murders (Garcia â€Å"Rastafarianism: An Overview†). The Rastafarian movement had become increasingly secular since the 1980’s. Many symbols lost their religious significance. Rastafarian colors were worn by all, and had no meaning. Dreadlocks have now become a trendy hairstyle in both black and whites. Another great sign of change in the Rastafarian religion was the presence of women. Women previously were not allowed to participate in rituals and were expected to show complete respect to males (Garcia â€Å"Rastafarianism: An Overview†). Rastafarian women are now a major part of the religion. Even with its current changes, the Rastafarian religion is still a great moral authority (Garcia â€Å"Rastafarianism: An Overview†). The Rastafarian religion is a blend of the purest forms of Judaism and Christianity. During the reign of King Solomon, Queen Makeba ruled the empire of Sheba. The empire of Sheba spanned out across Ethiopia, Egypt, and parts of Persia (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). When Queen Makeba came to visit King Solomon, the wise wealthy ruler of Jerusalem, he converted her beliefs to the God of Abraham. Before this time, she worshipped the sun god Ra. Queen Makeba changed the religion of her entire empire to Judaism (Boot 49). While she was visiting Solomon, she became pregnant with his child. She promised Solomon after the child was born, if it was a boy she would send him to Jerusalem to be brought up under the teachings of his father (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). She gave birth to a son whom she named Menelik. As promised, when her son was a you ng man, he was sent to Jerusalem. Menelik swore to his mother he we return to Ethiopia to take over as ruler of the Empire. After Solomon brought him up, he returned to Ethiopia to rule his empire. Here, the Judaism religion existed in undiluted form (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). The beliefs and customs of many Rasta’s are a result of the Judaism religion. Descarte`s Cartesian Doubt EssayAt the heart of the religion lie the mysteries of Ancient Egyptians. Many of these mysteries come from the Egyptian book of the Dead (Boot 50). The influence on the Rastafarians comes from Egyptian mysticism. â€Å"This became institutionalized by Moses; when adopted by the High Priest’s daughter in Egypt, he was taught the principles of Osiris, Isis, and other Egyptian Gods† (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). Moses is the source of Judaism on the Rastafarian religion. He is believed to be the author of the first five books of the Bible. The Rastafarians believe there is an Obeah textbook, written by Moses which contains the sixth and seventh books of the bible which were too complex for the common man to understand (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). Paul the Apostle is known for the Christian influence on the religion. He converted an Ethiopian eunuch to Christianity. â€Å"This eunuch was a high-placed, respected rabbi of Orthodox Judaism† (Boot 49). When the eunuch returned to Ethiopia, he converted the entire country to Christianity. This began the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The church was a pure form of Christianity that still believed in its Judaic and Egyptian pasts (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). By combining all the elements of these religions, the basis of the Rastafarian religion was formed. The foundation of the Rastafarian Religion is the Holy Piby. The Holy Piby is known as the â€Å"Black Man’s Bible† (Jackson â€Å"Rastafarianism†). The Holy Piby was written from 1913 to 1917 by Robert Athlyi Rogers. It was published in 1924. The Barbadian minister, Reverend Charles F. Goodridge, came upon the bible in Colon, Panama. The bible was being published in large quantities in Newark, New Jersey. These copies were sent to Kimberly, South Africa, where missionaries of black supremacy started a church for diamond-field workers. This church was called the Afro-Athlican Constr uctive Church (AACC) (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). Through this movement, Goodride met Grace Jenkins Garrison. They brought the Holy Piby to Jamaica in 1925. They opened a branch of the AACC under the name Hamatic Church. They were persecuted by conventional church leaders for the changes they made to the Bible. They fled to St. Thomas in Eastern Jamaica (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). The roots off the Rastafarian religion were planted in St. Thomas. Early Rastafarian leaders started camps to read the Holy Piby. These people believed the Holy Piby was the closest translation to the original bible. They believed â€Å"white church scholars distorted the Amharic bible in the translating and editing process to make God and his prophets Caucasian instead of black† (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). The Rastafarian religion is full of unique beliefs and practices. Four out of five people surveyed associated the smoking of marijuana with the Rasta Religion (Moravec â₠¬Å"Survey†). The Rastafarian leaders urged the people to smoke marijuana. They believed it was a religious rite. They used â€Å"wisdomweed† to as a spiritual sacrament and to aid in meditation (White 12). It was also used for medicinal purposes. Leaders alleged that is found growing on the grave of King Solomon. They cited many biblical passages to support their theories. â€Å"Though shalt eat the herb of the field.† (Genesis 3:18) â€Å"Eat every herb of the land† (Exodus 10:12). â€Å"Better is a dinner of herb where love is, than a stalled ox or hatred there with† (Proverbs 15:17). â€Å"He causeth the grass for the cattle, and herb for the service of man† (Psalms 104:14). The Rastafarians also have to maintain an I-tal diet. They look down upon the ingestion of alcohol, tobacco, meat, shellfish, scale less fish, and scavenger species of marine life (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). Their food is cooked, but served in the rawest form p ossible. They cannot use salts or preservatives. The food must never touch chemicals and is always completely natural. There are many religious symbols in the Rastafarian Religion. The colors that define the Rastafarian religion and their beliefs are red, gold, and green. The colors are taken from the Garvey movement. The Red is symbolic of the bloodshed of past martyrs in the Rasta history. The yellow is a representation of the wealth of their homeland. The green is for the beauty and vegetation of their promise land, Ethiopia (Littman â€Å"Rastafarianism†). The lion is one of the most dominant symbols associated with the Rasta’s. It represents the â€Å"conquering lion of Judah† Haile Selassie I. In Jamaica, the lion is present wherever Rastafarians have connections. The lion is seen in their artwork and songs. It also represents the maleness of the movement. To Rastafarians, the lion represents strength, knowledge, and aggression (Littman â€Å"Rastafariani sm†). The most famous symbol associated with Rastafarians is the Dreadlocks. They symbolize the Rastafarian’s roots, and contrast the blonde straight hair of the white man. Dreadlocks are a symbol of the Rastafarian heritage, and while supporting the bible. Only three out of five people surveyed knew that Rastafarians started the dreadlock hairstyle (Moravec â€Å"Survey†).In Leviticus 21: 5, it says â€Å"They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off thy corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings of the flesh† (Littman â€Å"Rastarianism†). The Rasta’s beard is a sign of his pact with Jah and the Bible. It is believed to be his source of knowledge (Rastafarianism). The Rastafarians believe they were oppressed by the white-man. They refer to this oppression as Babylon (Hartman â€Å"The Afrocentric Experience†). The term Babylon means, â€Å"white political power structure that has been holding the black race down for centuries† (Littman â€Å"Rastafarianism†). They claim to have been held down physically by slavery. They feel they are still brought down by poverty, illiteracy, inequality, and the trickery of the white man. Bob Marley was the most famous and influential Rastafarian. All five people I surveyed said the first thing that came to mind about Rastafarianism was Bob Marley (Moravec â€Å"Survey†). He was born on February 6, 1945. His father, Norval Marley, was a 50-year-old white naval captain, and his mother, Cedella Booker, was an 18-year-old Jamaican girl. Bob was raised in Trenchtown, Jamaica and grew up listening to artists such as Ray Charles, Fats Domino, and Curtis Mayfield. While in Trenchtown, Bob met Bunny Wailer. They both shared a love for music and formed the group the Rudeboys in 1961 (Microsoft â€Å"Malrey, Bob†). The group was later called the Wailers. The group’s early music resembled the New Orleans jazz and blues Bob had listened to as a child. In 1967 Bob’s life dramatically changed. His wife, Rite Marley, was converted to the Rastafarian religion during Haile Selassie I visit to Jamaica. She in turn converted Bob from Christianity to Rastafarianism (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). This had a profound influence on his music. He began incorporating the religion’s elements in his music. His songs embraced carefree attitudes and professed his love for Jah, the Rastafarian God. As his music started becoming famous around the world, his message of peace and freedom spread throughout the world. Thousands of people began to recognize the Rastafarian religion and converted to it. Reggae music was associated with Rastafarian culture, and Bob was awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit for his contribution to the country’s culture. He was diagnosed with cancer, and died on May 21, 1981 (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). Marcus Garvey is considered the founder of the Rastafarian relig ion. The fulfillment of his prophecy for an African king gave birth to the Rastafarian religion. He was born in St. Ann, Jamaica in 1887. He was a political leader who was devoted to making the black race equal to the white. In the Rastafarian religion, he is looked at as second only to their living god, Haile Selassie I (Redington â€Å"Rastafari History and Beliefs†). In the 1920’s he formed the United Negro Improvement Association, and spoke of â€Å"Ethiopia as the land of our fathers† (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). In 1924, he revealed his prophecy, â€Å"Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black King; He shall be the Redeemer† (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†).When Haile Selassie was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, people claimed his prophecy was fulfilled. Garvey himself did not like Haile Selassie I. He looked down upon Ethiopia because slavery still existed. The Rastafarians continued to respect Garvey, saying the John the Baptist had doubts about Christ (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). In 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia. He was the great-grandson of King Saheka Selassie of Shoa. Ras Tafari was regarded as King of Kings. He was given the title Haile Selassie, which means, â€Å"Power of the Holy Trinity†. He claimed to be a direct descended from King Solomon, and he was thought of as the long-awaited savior (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). He was the Rastafarians pro-claimed living God. In Africa, he was regarded as the greatest modern monarch, and a symbol of Ethiopia’s potential. Haile Selassie I was not a Rastafarian. He visited Jamaica once, and his visit had a profound effect (Salewicz â€Å"Rastafari†). As a result of his visit, Bob Marley was eventually converted to the Rastafarian religion. Haile Selassie I died in 1975, and controversy struck Rastafarians. Many denied his death, saying it was a media cover-up to destroy the Rastafarian religion. The Rastafari an religion has a vast history full of many beliefs, practices, and influential people. The history dates back to the ghettos of Jamaica in 1930. The crowing of Haile Selassie I fulfilled Marcus Garvey’s prophecy, and the Rastafarian religion was born. Early leaders such as Leonard Howell helped shape the religions vast background. The Christian and Judaism influence is easily seen in their beliefs and customs. The ancient Egyptian mysteries helped make the religion unique. The religion was one full of unique customs. They had I-tal diets and believed in the smoking of marijuana. The lion and the colors red, yellow, and green are dominant symbols always associated with the religion. The Dreadlocks are the most famous symbol, but are now a trendy hairstyle and have lost much of their religious meaning. Bob Marley’s music opened the world to the views and beliefs of the Rastafarians. Bibliography:

Leadership in the Retail Industry

Introduction This paper is based on the topic of leadership in the retail industry. It seeks to explore the topic by looking at the importance of nurturing leadership. It also looks at the leadership approaches which young leaders should adopt for them to successfully lead contemporary organisations in the retail industry.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in the Retail Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is argued that leaders of the young generation need to adopt a leadership approach which is proactive and sensitive to the changes in the business environment in the retail industry. They also need to blend different leadership approaches because different situations call for different leadership styles or a combination of leadership styles. Challenge of Mobility of Workforce in the Retail Industry Young employees in the retail industry have faced the challenge of mobility for a long time. The reason why the young generation has faced the challenge of climbing the ladder of leadership is that it lacks the experience to lead. Many organisations in the retail industry need experienced leaders due to the volatility of the industry in terms of competition and adoption of new technology in business processes. When young people leave colleges or universities, they usually have the certificates but are not exposed to practical work. They therefore stay for a long time ranging from 10 to 15 years before they gain the necessary experience to work as leaders in organisations.  The current job market is also characterised by high turnover rates. As a result, many young people do not work for one organisation for a long time enough to qualify for promotion to leadership positions. The reason why they hop from an organisation to another is because they usually seek for good employment terms, especially good salaries to cater for the ever rising cost of living.  The other reason wh y young people face the mobility challenge is because many organisations in the retail industry do not invest in initiatives which promote employee retention. Retention refers to the activities done to ensure that once employees are employed, they remain in the same organisation permanently or for a long time. The main reason for retention is that the processes of recruitment and selection of employees are not only tedious but also costly and time consuming.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Retention is usually based on motivation theories such the human relations approach which is characterised by a shift from the scientific to the humanistic approach in the motivation of employees. The approach places more emphasis on the work environment and perceives employees as social beings with social, psychological, and financial needs. It also acknowledges that employees have the po tential of being creative in their work. The approach also values the synergy found in teamwork, the reasoning being that employees are able to come up with group norms and rules which govern their work. The approach also recognises the importance of employees interacting with their managers in a friendly way without fear of victimisation. When employees fear their managers, they tend to work with their bodies but their minds and hearts are usually far away (Fox 2009).  However, many organisations in the retail industry are managed using the scientific approach of management. This approach hinders upward mobility of young employees because the managers do not give the employees an opportunity to be creative and innovative. Instead, the managers view the employees as liabilities and as a result, they do not bother to invest in employee development because they believe that the compensation offered to employees is enough to keep them motivated. The managers and supervisors also trea t employees with contempt and they do not give them an opportunity to micromanage their work. Leadership Approaches to be adopted by Young Leaders Wart and Suino defined leadership as the ability of a person to influence other people to do things which they may not do without the influence (Wart Suino 2012). People with this ability are referred to as leaders and are found in different settings and contexts. In organisational context, leaders are responsible for planning, coordinating, and controlling organisational functions and activities towards attainment of organisational goals and objectives (Sims 2007). In a book titled â€Å"management†, Schermerhorn defined management as the art of getting things done through people (Schermerhorn 2010). Many organisations have policies, procedures, and guidelines that govern the decision making process. Managers must understand how to get people do what they are supposed to do and know what exactly gets done, the results to be achie ved, and how best the results can be achieved in an efficient manner. Leadership forms the basis of success or failure of organisations because nothing can be accomplished with failed leadership and bad management. Employees in organisations need an effective leader to influence and marshal their efforts towards the achievement of a common goal. Being a leader means more than being a team leader.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership in the Retail Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It involves getting things done and doing them well. It is a show of positive attitude and involves various aspects like influencing followers, commitment of individuals to goals, aiding group cohesion, and spearheading change in organisations. Leaders learn and adapt leadership styles which they feel may deal with diverse personalities and evolving situations. Some leaders have a combination of positive traits and attribu tes as their basis of leadership (Wart Suino 2012). Both leadership and management are essential for the success of organisations because they complement each other. Leadership attributes transform managers into leaders and by so doing; the managers discharge their duties in a flexible manner. Such managers also have the ability to create a cohesive organisational culture where employees’ loyalty and motivation are greatly enhanced. Trait Approach of Leadership Trait leadership is best suited for young leaders in the retail industry. In a book titled â€Å"The leadership experience†, Daft explained trait leadership as having to do with leaders acting upon leadership traits which they are born with (Daft 2008). The leadership style does not embrace the idea that leadership can be learned or acquired from experience but rather perceives leadership as a quality which people are born with. Trait leadership style therefore leads to realisation of excellent results because the leaders have leadership qualities at birth and are able to lead even without any formal training (Daft 2008). Trait leadership may inspire employees to become creative because trait oriented leaders are not mechanistic in their leadership but they understand the importance of allowing employees to micromanage their activities at the workplace so as to achieve their targets. When employees are given the permission to micromanage their work, they develop positive attitude towards work which makes them to work hard and attain good results. They are also able to change the rules governing their work and try new ways of doing things. By so doing, they are able to discover new approaches to their work. If for example employees who work as marketing agents are allowed to micromanage their work, they can recommend new types of products which they think are the best for customers (Gill 2011). Under the trait leadership approach, employees are able to focus on the end result and come up w ith their own ways of meeting the set targets and deadlines without failure. Since all organisational activities are undertaken in a timely manner, organisations are able to implement their projects with a high degree of success which leads to increased productivity. At the same time, employees like imitating the trait oriented leaders and as a result, they are ever focused on their role in their organisations which increases efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity (Northouse 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, trait leadership style has the potential of resulting to conflict of ideas in the workplace because trait oriented leaders may sometimes exhibit dictatorial traits which may create conflict due to their failure to consult other leaders or employees when making some important organisational decisions. The tendency of trait oriented leaders to believe that they know it all may sometimes work against them and lead to resistance to organisational change (Pearce Robinson 2011). How Trait, Participative and Contingency Approaches Blend Together Research in the field of leadership has shown that organisations in the retail industry may reap more benefits by blending various styles of leadership. In a book titled â€Å"Exploring leadership: individual, organisational, and societal perspectives†, Bolden, Hawkins Gosling argued that the blending of different leadership styles can lead to effective leadership. For instance, blending trait leadership principles with participat ive leadership may enhance employees’ leadership capabilities. Trait leadership principles when blended with transformational, transactional, and situational leadership styles may improve interpersonal skills of leaders. Furthermore, the styles can be blended to create a highly motivated workforce that can contribute positively towards the achievement of organisational goals (Bolden, Hawkins Gosling 2011). Trait leadership in particular may enable participative oriented leaders to have charisma which enables them to inspire the team members to realise good results. Contingency leadership style may enable participative leaders to change their leadership style depending on the situation and become more efficient and effective. Participative leadership may inspire teamwork because the style is about making everybody in organisations to participate in the process of moving the organisations forward (Bolden, Hawkins Gosling 2011). The participation is not only about the performa nce of duties but also about making decisions which affect the work being done. Since everybody is actively involved in organisational activities, the â€Å"big boss† syndrome is eliminated and replaced with a culture in which all members of organisations feel as part of a big team with a clear mission and vision to achieve. Employees also view each other as members of one family and for this reason; they do not hesitate to share their thoughts, ideas, challenges, and strengths with fellow employees (Bolden, Hawkins Gosling 2011).  The contingency approach may inspire a change of leadership depending on the situation because the style is based on the philosophy that organisations are unique and therefore, there is no general approach to leadership. The approach enables leaders to be flexible in their leadership and as a result, they are able to treat each situation differently which leads to enhanced success of activities undertaken by employees. The ability of the leaders to be flexible in their leadership style means that they are result oriented and not bound by procedures, rules or regulations but are free to change tact with the overall objective of meeting the set targets. Flexibility in leadership leads to increased efficiency and effectiveness making organisations to increase their productivity. Reference List Bolden, R, Hawkins, R Gosling, J 2011, Exploring leadership: individual, organisational, and societal perspectives, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Daft, R.L 2008, The leadership experience, Thomson/South-Western, Mason, OH. Fox, W. M 2009,The management process : an integrated functional approach, Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, N.C. Gill, R 2011, Leadership theory: A critical review, synthesis and redefinition, SAGE Publications Ltd, London. Northouse, P 2010, Leadership: theory and practice, Sage, S.l. Pearce, J Robinson, R. B 2011, Organisational structure. dans: strategic management: formulation, implementation and contro l, McGraw Hill, S.l. Schermerhorn, J 2010, Management, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Sims, R 2007, Human resource management : contemporary issues, challenges and opportunities, Information Age Publishers, Greenwich, Conn. Wart, M.V Suino, P 2012, Leadership in public organisations: an introduction, Sharpe, Armonk, N.Y. This essay on Leadership in the Retail Industry was written and submitted by user Ronald Nunez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Individual Personality Essay

Individual Personality Essay Individual Personality Essay Individual Personality Derrick Ford PSY-211 February 6, 2014 Dr. Andre Watson Individual Personality Personality is defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinct character. It is what makes an individual an individual, so-to-speak. It is the core essence of an individual that separates people from one another. Although, there are people who share or have the same personality traits, not one person is exactly alike another. According to Hockenbury (2014): â€Å"Personality is defined as an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. A personality theory is an attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique. In short, a personality theory ambitiously tries to explain the whole person,† (p.419 para. 1). Four Perspectives of Personality There are four perspective of personality, which are: â€Å"psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and trait perspectives† (Hockenbury, 2014). Each perspective is a cluster of how personalities are theorized. According to Hockenbury (2014): â€Å"The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience† (p. 419). â€Å"The humanistic perspective represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and the fulfillment of a person's unique potential† (p. 419). â€Å"The social cognitive perspective emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes, in- cluding the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self regulation† (p. 419). â€Å"The trait perspective emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals† (p. 419). Three Theories of Personality Development There are three perspective theories of personality development, which are the id, ego, and super ego. According to Freud (1933), each person possesses a certain amount of psychological energy, [which] â€Å"develops into the three basic structures of personality† (Hockenbury, 2014). â€Å"The id, [is] the most primitive part of [the] personality, [and] is present at birth, completely immune to logic, values, morality, danger and the demands of the external world† (Hockenbury, 2014). As Hockenbury (2014) noted, â€Å"It is the original source of psychological energy, (Freud, 1933, 1940) parts of which will later evolve into the ego and superego† (p. 422 para. 2). People are â€Å"equipped† with the id from birth (Hockenbury, 2014). When an infant is â€Å"cold, wet, hungry, or uncomfortable† the id is responsible for making sure the needs of the infant are met (Hockenbury, 2014). As the infant begins to real ize that all of its needs will not be met instantaneously, another part of the personality begins to emerge, which is the ego. Hockenbury (2014) notes that, â€Å"Partly conscious (Freud, 1933), the ego represents the organized, rational, and planning dimensions of personality† (p. 423 para. 2). â€Å"As the mediator between the id's instinctual demands and the restrictions of the outer world, the ego operates on the reality principle† (Hockenbury, 2014). Hockenbury (2014) states: â€Å"The reality principle (Freud, 1940) is the capacity to postpone gratification [or to wait patiently] until the appropriate time or circumstances exist in the external world† (p. 423 para. 2). Therefore, the ego itself is or becomes more practical when dealing with situations that can be strenuous to â€Å"reduce the tension of the id's instinctual urges† (Hockenbury, 2014). The ego can also repress instinctual urges especially those of a sexual nature â€Å"or remove it f rom conscious awareness (Freud, 1915a). When a child reaches the age of five or six, â€Å"a parental voice† emerges internally â€Å"that is partly conscious† known as the superego (Hockenbury, 2014). â€Å"As the internal representation of parental and societal

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women Essay

Diabetes Fact Sheet For African American Women - Essay Example A number of factors account for this but most outstanding could be sighted as the fact that there is a high level of disparity in the provision of quality healthcare to all areas of the American population. Records also have it that diabetes is a disease that poses so much health threat to affected persons. Consequently, a refusal by stakeholders, especially the government to address the issue would mean that the human resource base of the country will be jeopardized because the greater part of the United States workforce would be an ailing one. Among the African American women population, there are other critical statistics of facts that are worth elaborating as far as diabetes is concerned. This is because it is a fact that other risk factors such as age and family history can hardly be controlled. Subsequently, African American women who are over the age of 50 are more likely to get diabetes than those of other ages. Again, 45% of African American women are from homes with a histo ry of diabetes. What this means is that 45% are at risk as far as risk factors are concerned.In conclusion, it would be said that preventive primary healthcare delivery must be intensified among the African American population. Policy experts can make good of this fact sheet by ensuring that in their primary healthcare campaigns, African American women are admonished to maintain a healthy weight; eat low-fat, well-balanced diet; make physical exercise a habit; and reduce alcohol intake (Women Health, 2012).

Legal Closed Memo Assignment Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Legal Closed Memo Assignment Project - Essay Example Barnett Productions administered a psychological test to Mr. Merton, which the latter passed. This factor, added to the context of the reality show within which the offensive events occurred, may be excellent grounds for defense for Barnett Productions. The company can argue that the events constitute mere annoyances within the context of a reality show. Despite such defenses however, two aspects work strongly in Mr. Merton’s favor – (a) the knowledge defendants had about his childhood trauma and the sign by which it was manifested externally and (b) the deceptive manner in which Mr. Merton’s cooperation was elicited. Since Mr. Merton was subjected to a reappraisal of his childhood trauma purely to generate a newsworthy reality show, the outrageous criterion may be established. A lounge singer, the client, Mr. Murton, is currently unable to work, because he suffers from recurring panic attacks, clinical depression, and paralyzing stage fright. He claims that these serious conditions are the result of Barnett Productions’ duping him into participating in a reality television show called â€Å"Regular Guy.† Specifically, he claims that, during the show’s taping, he was forced to partake in humiliating school-yard contests while a group of athletically gifted â€Å"hunks† ridiculed his limited physical abilities. Mr. Merton states that during the taping of the recess segment, the hunks shouted insults. â€Å"I remember, one of them said to another ‘What a bunch of losers. These guys look like 14-year-olds. We should kick their asses’ and another one said, ‘See these babies squeal? I bet they’re about to go in their pants’.† Mr. Merton states that he was subjected to a background investigation and psychological testing and passed both. According to Mr. Murton, the show’s producers also brought him to beach front property that was directly across from the school where Mr. Murton’s bullying had previously occurred.

Collective Action Problem Essay Example for Free

Collective Action Problem Essay Problem Statement: Competitors Coca- cola and Pepsi-cola have to decide whether or not to offer discount pricing. Matrix:-    Pepsi cola    Coca- cola Pricing Strategy Discount price Regular price Discount price $4b,   $2b $8b,   $1b Regular price $2b,   $5b $6b,   $4b * b means billion    Description: Both companies can choose one outcome by offering a discount price or a regular price. The payoff for each firm depends upon the pricing strategies of both firms.     For coca- cola the worst case scenario is $2 billion payoff when it offers regular prices while Pepsi-Cola charges discount prices. Similarly, for Pepsi- Cola the worst case scenario is $1 billion. Solution: A dilemma is involved because each party would like to have maximum benefits by offering the discount and hoping that the other doesn’t.   The only secure means both companies have of avoiding meager profits is to offer discount prices. The ideal scenario would have been when both were offering regular price as they would have earned $6 billion (Coca- cola) and $4 billion (Pepsi-Cola). But, it’s difficult to trust each other and thus, they both go for the conservative strategy and settle down for profits of $4 billion and $2 billion for Coca-cola and Pepsi-Cola respectively.

A Comparison of The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights Essay

Shared Elements of The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights       The Jewel in the Crown, by Paul Scott, and Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte', are romantic tragedies which share many common elements. Although written in two vastly different time periods, the shared elements reveal the continuity of romantic tragedies over time. Wuthering Heights, a 19th century realistic fiction, shares the same kind of passionate, violent and emotional characters as The Jewel in the Crown, a post colonial modernist fiction. Both stories contain a love triangle which subsequently end in death.    In both stories, Catherine and Daphne are much alike in that they are the point around which the two men in their lives dance circles around. Catherine and Daphne are both willful, doing as they please, Catherine fostering her love for Heathcliff, and Daphne secretly seeing Hari Kumar. "At fifteen, she [Catherine] was the queen of the country-side; she had no peer, and she did turn out to be a haughty, headstrong creature" (WH, p. 51). And of Daphne, "She had to make her own marvelous mis...

Postmodernism &Marketing

Due to its profound effect on individualistic side of consumer and consumption, it is inevitable hat marketing is also affected deeply by postmodernism. Hence, those who would like to make a long run and satisfying profit have to develop at least a basic understanding of the terms â€Å"postmodern† and â€Å"postmodern marketing†. It would be more convenient to give some basic knowledge about postmodernism before explaining its huge effect on the discipline of marketing.According to Encyclopedia Britannica postmodernism is defined as a â€Å"late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining lattice and economic power†. Postmodernism can be viewed as a criticism to 20th century modernism. It is a resistance to modernist ideas such as freedom, progress and liberty. It is much more about destruction of old theories, cr iticizing the modern and its values rather than proposing a solution to give order or something new.As First, Sherry and Venerates argue postmodernist looks for a universally accepted or agreed upon principle; that of tolerance and acceptance of difference. To sum up, while modernism has designed the grand projects to prevent failure, postmodernism as recognized such projects as failures themselves. After a brief explanation about postmodernism, it would be reasonable to give a marketing oriented definition of postmodernism before starting to discuss its huge influence on the discipline of marketing.According to Gerri & Van Iraqi (1998) postmodernism can be defined as † a cultural episode, characterized by a pluralism of styles (of consumption) and ideologies, a need for hyperthermia and self-expression through consumption†. After contemplating on this brief definition, it would not be hard to conclude that postmodernism has had a profound effect on the consumption tatte rs of individuals. Therefore, companies have been forced to take individualistic differences into account and develop strategies based on their own target customer group.However, the influence of postmodernism on marketing and businesses is not limited to the change in consumer preferences or the change in consumption patterns. The structure of an organization, and the organization's relationship with its employees are also affected by the birth and extensive usage of the term postmodernism. To begin with the effect of the term â€Å"postmodernism† on the customer side, it can be argued that it has brought a new phenomenon of postmodern marketing. In the modern marketing, a company generally makes some standardization in terms of what a customer needs, wants or desires by evaluating the society as a whole.In the evaluation process, a majority of them focus on the shared characteristics or personalities of customers and begin to make production and even customization according to a common, shared perspective. Naturally, they have a tendency to ignore customers who have a very different worldview, personality, preference or choice. Thus, those who make production do not have to worry about the diversity of customers in terms of attitudes, perception, personality etc. Since they produce goods and services in massive amounts and then advertise these goods and services to masses.Then, they expect their products to be consumed without any challenge by different consumer demands. This situation is partly a result of homogeneity and masculinity concepts of modernism. However, with postmodernism all these approaches have been affected. Unless having an understanding about the diversity of consumer behavior, a firm might not be able to hose its target customer group correctly, which is a situation that makes its production meaningless, since in the end the product or service might end up with appealing to no one.Also, in today's world companies have to give much importance to different groups such as gays, lesbians, gypsies etc. Since they have become to constitute a portion of the society that is not negligible. In fact those who took a quicker action than others to offer production or services appealing totally to such groups have made enormous profit. Moreover, the masculine culture has been placed by a more feminine culture in many areas of business due to the change in consumption patterns. For example, during ass Marlboro was using fancy letters. Then, it turned out that Marlboro was started being cited as women's cigarette.With this unintended impression, Marlboro immediately changed its letter type and started to use its famous masculine cowboy commercials. If this situation occurred in postmodernist era, most probably a majority of people would criticize Marlboro and stop buying, since Marlboro implicitly suggests that it does not give much value to its women customers. When considering all these, it can be clearly defended that du e to the profound influence of postmodernism on marketing, a vast amount of companies have shifted from forbids, mass consumption based approaches to post-forbids, individualistic based approaches.To continue with the structure of organizations, it might be asserted that before the birth of the term â€Å"postmodernist' most of the companies had adopted the principles of forbids. Believing the quality of stability, homogeneity and control and they followed the rules of a masculine culture. Their organization structures were strictly hierarchical. Hence, there was a significant rower distance among different levels of management. However, after postmodernism came to scene, the effectiveness of the bureaucratic organization culture during turbulent, unpredictable or complex times has been questioned.Many new beneficial concepts such as employee empowerment, flat organization structure have been created and emphasized. Afterwards, organizational design becomes more flat, since it is w idely believed that one of the most significant factors carrying a company to success is the active participation of employees. As the organization becomes more flat, the communication link among different levels of management gets stronger which contributes to the creation of new innovative ideas. Moreover, companies' culture has been changed dramatically with postmodernism.During the ass, ass company environment was homogeneous, outer directed, and factory based, since at those times a majority of firms believed the strength of stability. On the other hand with the postmodernism, company environment has been shifted to heterogeneous, self centered and participatory business culture. The motivation behind this situation is that companies have become to experience that creation of unique ideas in terms of production of goods or services is very much elated with the diversity of employees. Within an organization where everybody has a different personality, preference, perception etc. T would be more likely to make production that fits customers well. Therefore, in today's world those who can manage disorder and variety more effectively have a better chance to serve well and make sufficient profit. To conclude, with the rise of postmodernist ideas, as Stephen (1992) put forward that firms have been forced to prefer disorder to order, surface to depth, past to present, present to future, heterogeneity to homogeneity, plurality to nonsense, differences to similarities, complexity to simplification, rhetoric to logic and individuality to universality.All in all, the term â€Å"postmodern† has profoundly affected the discipline of marketing as it has a deep influence on almost all social and intellectual endeavors such as sociology, philosophy, politics, history, economics etc. With the rise of postmodern marketing, companies have started to give careful consideration not only to the customer differences but also to their own organizational and cultural struc ture. While constructing a more friendly and participatory organizational environment, impasses have started to offer a variety of solutions and answers to the demand of different customer groups.

Comparing The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson, And The Rocking...

Fiction Essay By: Martin Bennett 6/1/17 Stuck between a Rock a Horse Race No family is perfect, family is family, their love will always be there. At least till you fall off a rocking horse or hit by a few rocks. What I am referring to are these two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner’’ by D. H. Lawrence. Now for a brief overview of both these unsettling stories. The Lottery is a story of a small town basically consuming a member of its own community, It s like a smoothie of Dismay with figurative cannibalism, a bit of social commentary, a drop†¦show more content†¦Paul has earned money for his mother; however, it isn’t enough. The stress begins to effect Paul, as he is driven to make more money. Paul’s fixation with making his mother happy through monetary gain caused his illness and inevitable death after winning the big race. Just like the old saying says â€Å"Money Can’t buy Happiness†. Ø In â€Å"The Lottery† I was unable to distinguish the conflict of the story until a bit towards the end. The rising struggle is weaved throughout the entire story. It starts out with this festival and all the town taking part. There is joking and laughter and playing while they wait for everyone to arrive. Mrs. Hutchinson is late but finally arrives and everyone jovially allows her to pass through until she reaches her husband s side. Finally, the business part is done, everyone is there or someone is standing in for them and the drawing begins. The winner is picked...and out come’s the bricks. The theme of the two short stories are written is very different, however they do have some similarities like Family. Ø In â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† Paul s want to please his mother ultimately leads to his death. Now let me be clear the mother-son relationship in The Rocking-Horse Winner is a clutter of unfulfilled desire, anxiety, hostility, and terror. Let’s not forget to add Paul s father is almost absent from the story, we don’t even get to learn his name. While his mother frantically tries to make up for all the extravagances